When it came to the Preliminary Articles of Peace in 1782, the Natives were never mentioned. No credit was given to the Native Americans for aiding either of the sides.

The British let their allies fall in the dust, many Natives resented this.

Americans were no better than the British in this case. They siad that, because the Natives chose the losing side to aide, the Natives deserve to lose their land rights. The Natives never gave up their land to accomodate these terms.

The Brits continued to trade with the Natives out of sympathy. Some would say the British did it to stop the negative articles being published about how the British government could not keep their word. The British citizens felt sympathy for the Native Americans.

IN 1780, Pensacola was threatened by the Spanish to be taken back from the Brits. Two thousand Creeks came to the Britains aide and the Spanish decided they were not ready to face off just yet. But a year later, the Spanish returned but more prepared. They took back Pensacola and soon after took Augusta and Savannah.

The South seemed to be closer to an American victory than a British one. The Natives were smart and realized this. The Cherokees, Chicksaws, and Chocktaws decided they wanted to make peace with the Americans.

Britain paid their Native American allies for just being at their disposal. Parliament soon felt that this investment was not providing any profit.
In March of 1779, Parliament discussed the advantages and disadvantages to figure if dropping the alliances would be better than keeping the Native agents. In the end they decided to keep allies because they were getting some profit from trade with them. And there was a higher demand for Native goods.

IN May 1776, (despite what the Southern colonies had wanted and preached: for the Natives to stay neutral) delegates of the Shawnees, Delawares, and Mohawks came down to the Cherokees to convince them to fight against the Americans. The Cherokees were persuaded and started tomahawking.

The South American colonists retalliated by scorching their land and villages. But the Cherokees just moved farther West and watched what the colonists were doing.

What happened to the Cherokees made the Creeks dislike the Americans more but, at the same time, they did not want to face the same scorching.

The Oneidas and Tuscarorons (the only two tribes out of the 6 Iriquois nations will to help the American cause) met in Albany in September of 1777 with American General Philip Schuyler (at right). The Natives agreed to aid the Americans in dealing with Burgoyne at Freeman's Farm. The Natives followed under General Horatio Gate.

After fighting off the British and their Native allies, they retreated to New York. There they through a bloody temper tantrum, aka guerilla warfare on the interior Patriot settlements. This was between 1778 and 1779. George Washington and General John Sullivan responded by scorching the Native American crop land and villages of the opposing Iriquois nations.

In the South, the British had 14,000 Native American warriors at their disposal. Three thousand Cherokees, 3,000 Choctaws, 3,000 Creeks (joined later), 5,000 Chickasaws.

On August 6, 1777, the Iriquois surrendered all the unity they had, that made them a stong nation, at the Battle of Oriskany.

Their fighting resulted in the Great Peace being dissolved. The Great Peace was a cooperation treaty between the 6 major tribes in the North to unite under the Iriquois Nation. It was established at the Iriquois Confederacy.

It was brother Native vs. brother Native.

The Natives on the British side were doing Britains dirty, rather bloody, work. Jefferson wrote of the change in the Native Americans in the Declaration of Indepence.

" The King has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontier the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguishable destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions."

July 1776, Joseph Bryant and Colonel Guy Johnson returned to America from discussing alliance tems in Britain. Bryant was convinced that the British would win and therefore his brother Natives needed to join at once to the winning side. He immediately told them of his idea of joining the British side and 4 tribes out of the 6 agreed to do so. The division made the oh so powerful Nothern Nation tribe weaker. The two tribes who did not join were the Oneida and Tuscarora.

Their alliance was made official at the Congress at Irondequoit in July 1777.

IN July of 1775, the Continental Congress came up with (instead of only 2) three "superintendentencies" to keep the Natives out of the family scuffle, but this proved to fail.

IN the summer of 1776, the Americans and the British formally asked for Iriquois aide. Formally means that they had been, for a time, trying to get Native American aide informally. Only when they absolutely needed them, did it become formal. Both of the running candidates for the Iriquois to choose from, buttered them up with feast and tempting offers.

Indian support was the last resorts on the Loyalist and Patriot lists of whom to enlist for the war.

But both sides did stronlgy advise the Natives to stay out of the Family Scuffle and remain neutral no matter what the other side offered.

George Washington had a different list apparently. He was in desperate need for more men, if they were going to win this Revolution. He enlisted gunmen from the Eastern tribes during the winter of 1774-1775. The tribes were: Stockbridge Passamaquoddy, St. John's, and Penubscot.
The fall of 1775, the British General Gage justified using other Native recruits because Washington had.

Sir William Johnson was succeeded by his son Sir Guy Johnson (seen above). Johnson was given the task to finish what his father had started and successfully convinced the Iriquois not to fight. I am not sure who is the mysterious Native American behind Johnson but I am guessing it is the Mohawk leader, Joseph Bryant.

A year before Lord Dunmore's War of 1774, the arrangements between the seaboard colonists and the Native Americans of the interior were no longer in effect. They had agreed to leave each other alone.

Dunmore began moving into the tans-Alleghany are of the Natives. This was an awful idea. He trasgressed on Delaware and Shawnee lands. The Natives there started fighting against Dunmore and his possy.

The Iriquois did not like how the white men were disrespecting their Native brothers and were ready to help defend their brothers.

Johnson then had the task of persuading the Iriquois not to fight. When he got close to sealing the deal, he died.

THe British were not all that interested in dealing with angry Native Americans so the Proclamation of 1763 was put in effect. The Proclamation stated that the colonists were not to settle past the Appalachian mountains. The British were trying to reassert the crown's soveriegnity over the colonists.

The Proclamation was not heeded to by all the colonists.

The interior Native Americans had to difed themselves and their homeland with arms. The English tried to enforce their own control onto the Natives. This would somewhat lead to the idea of reservations, since the land behind the Appalachians was "reserved" for the Natives.

Native Americans in the Background of a Family Scuffle

In 1775, Sir William Johnson was appointed as the superintendent of Native American affairs for the Northern colonies; Sir Edmond Atkins was appointed for the Southern colonies. The colonial assemblies, therefore, had less control when it came to handle little arguments between them and the Native Americans.

Superintendents were the next rank under the commander-in-chief of the forces. They were needed because of the French and American threats. Not to forget that the Native Americans were an unpredictable force to be reckoned with.

Louisiana was like an island which helped tighten the closeness of individual communties. Development was slow as a result. In 1930, bridges were built to connect to the outside. This opened communications with other people to allow for the close communities develop at a quicker pace.

Louisiana was one of the main choices of French territory to migrate to. It was somewhat like an island, therefore the community did not develop like the outer communities.

Louisiana's tightness shined through, when, even after being taken by the Germans, English, and Spanish, they kept their Cajun lives. As these countries took Louisiana, some made laws regarding speaking French.

One could find good work as farming sugar cane and sweet potatoes, a strong Roman Catholic society, and the language as Cajun.

When French-Canadian families came over to Enlgland, they were not completely cut off from their home in Cananada. Because of this, in 1840 a train was built from Boston to Quebec. This advancement, like in Louisiana took time to integrate into the tight communities.

Like mentioned before, the French residents were given two options after the land switched hands. Only in 1755 was this rule enforced. The British forced almost all the French out of the land at gunpoint. This event was called Le Grand Derangement.
At a later time, after the Seven Year's War, in 1763 more Canadian land got ceded to the Brits. This forced more French off the now British land into New England, not at gunpoint though. Many left because of the bad crop land and short harvest seasons. In New England, there was common ground between all in the French language, Roman Catholicism, and their history and culture. They were able to work in lumberyards and textile mills, and settle in the woods in the North.

From 1756 to 1763, France participated in the Seven Year's War but did not succeed. Becuase of this, France lost alot. To add to that, earlier on in 1713, France had to cede to the Brits: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Islands, and a part of Maine. The French citizens at that time were given the option to stay as subjects of the British crown or leave. Those who left were called Acadians. Most of them left for Louisiana.

So this is King Louis the XIV. He fell into the international race to conolized America. He sent men and women to Canada and North America. There was fighting over land between the French and the British mostly. After almost every encounter they had, it seemed that the Brits came out victorius most of the time. So the French retaliated, but that seemed to be futile.

Between the 1730’s and 1740’s, America had a sudden revival of religious fervor. This revival was called the Great Awakening. There was a need, in the churches’ eyes, for the young people to come back to the Church and be saved. The fervor the ministers wanted was emotional, like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. This emotion idea was very effective yet temporary. The Great Awakening contributed to the separation of Church and State with the emergence of individualism in spirituality, the schisms within the Protestant religions, and their sheer numbers.
Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield were the “New lights”, they preached with emotion. Edwards struck fear into the young and reiterated the doctrines of the Protestant faith that would make anyone believe him. His most famous and published sermon is “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.” Edwards did not censure his sermons for the young or weak of heart. He preferred (and many more ministers learned his preaching techniques) to be straight up in their faces, speaking of how they would be going to hell and speaking on the infallibility of their doctrines. Most people, for some reason, liked this. Whitefield took a softer approach, yet had the same amount of emotion. He talked to the congregation with energy and the skills of the best public speaker. Documents have been written (or maybe I just thought I heard it from Mrs. Lawson) on how people would faint and wail, like frying bacon. These two men, as well as other ministers of the New light, went around the colonies preaching. This was a fully American experience. Colonies still had the “old lights” who would preach as they always had, which attracted those who felt that the modern churches were too theatrical. This difference of preaching and worship caused there to be splits within the already divided Protestant church. The splits did not change the fact that every American was a part of this historical event. It unified them. Most of America was practicing a Protestant division. This new fervor called to duty new preachers and clergy men, so colleges were built. Britain’s religion of the state was the Church of England. Britain still was indirectly controlling the American people through appointed governors and enforcing this religion on some. The colonies resented this. The G.A. embraced the idea of different and personal worship. By statistics on the religions in America at that time, the majority were: Congregationalists, Anglicans, German Lutherans, etc. The minority were Catholics, Methodists, and Jews.
The emergence of individualism in the spiritual life allowed for the people to decide that no government would govern over this personal of a mater, freedom of worship. The schisms within the Protestant denominations would not allow for one religion to be superior, to be at the head of the government. As united Americans, everyone felt this way. The G.A. scaled all the colonies; there is such diversity and just so many numbers of members that to give one control over the other was unwanted. These factors led to a strong want for the Church (es) and State to be separated. This way their freedom would be protected by themselves and therefore could not be jeopardized.